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Examined in animal studies for potential effects on cartilage repair and joint health
For controlled skin studies, topical application removes the confounders introduced by injection no injection site reactions, no systemic distribution diluting local concentration, no injection technique variability across research subjects
Transdermal drug delivery. Nature Biotechnology , 2008.
The studies were divided into three categories: high risk of bias, low risk of bias, and uncertain risk of bias
While there are other ways to get B12, such as taking supplements or eating fortified foods, injections are often considered the most effective delivery method
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